Mentally Defective Children — A Reader’s Guide

The Inspector's Five-Step Screen

The authors devote considerable space to the administrative mechanics of selection. The inspector first examines returns on school attendance and alleged faults, then makes a preliminary choice. The direct examination focuses on the child's state of instruction and degree of intelligence. The inspector reaches a positive decision with the opinion of the doctor and the head of the special school. Finally, the teacher fills a schedule of particulars for each accepted child. This process is explicitly designed to be provisional—children are admitted on trial and kept under observation. The emphasis on provisionality suggests that Binet and Simon saw classification as a working hypothesis, not a fixed label.

Statistical Caution and the Median

In a footnote on spelling tests, Binet and Simon demonstrate statistical sophistication. They warn that using the average number of mistakes can be disastrous because a single child making a hundred errors would unfairly raise the average. They recommend the median instead, which is less affected by aberrant cases. This technical choice reflects their awareness that heterogeneous groups require robust measures. The same caution appears in their criticism of teachers who classify children by intelligence without accounting for age—a practice they call fallacious. They note that an older child in a younger class may appear superior simply due to age, not ability.

The Edinburgh Dictation Comparison

The translator, W.B. Drummond, adds a comparative experiment: ninety-two children in an Edinburgh school were given dictation sentences of increasing difficulty. The results are tabulated by age, showing average mistakes for four test sentences. For example, children aged 7 to 8 averaged 0.22 mistakes on the simplest sentence but 6.18 on the hardest. This data, inserted by the translator, illustrates how the tests might be adapted to English-speaking contexts. The sentences themselves progress from simple declaratives to complex descriptions involving weather and farming, revealing the linguistic assumptions embedded in the testing materials.

Readers should approach this text as a historical document of educational psychology in formation. The Binet-Simon tests appear here not as a finished instrument but as a work-in-progress, embedded in a specific French administrative context. Pay attention to the footnotes: they reveal the authors' methodological debates and the translator's own experiments. The book's value lies less in its conclusions than in its demonstration of how early psychologists grappled with the practical problem of identifying children who needed special education.